[OSList] Fwd: finding things with crowds -- 5/5/15

Tue May 5 04:50:01 PDT 2015

There is something about this I thought the OS community would find of
interest, from The Organized Mind by Levitin,  Skye

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From: *delanceyplace* <daily at delanceyplace.com>
Date: Tuesday, May 5, 2015
Subject: finding things with crowds -- 5/5/15
To: skyeh at autognomics.org

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Today's selection --from *The Organized Mind* by Daniel J. Levitin.
Accomplishing the impossible through crowdsourcing:

"Crowdsourcing -- outsourcing to a crowd -- [is] the technique by which
thousands or even millions of people help to solve problems that would be
difficult or impossible to solve any other way. Crowdsourcing has been used
for all kinds of things, including wildlife and bird counts, providing
usage examples and quotes to the editors of the* Oxford English Dictionary*,
and helping to decipher ambiguous text. ...

"In December 2009, DARPA offered $40,000 to anyone who could locate
ten balloons that they had placed in plain sight around the continental
United States. DARPA is the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, an
organization under the U.S. Department of Defense. DARPA created the
Internet (more precisely, they designed and built the first computer
network, ARPANET, on which the current World Wide Web is modeled). At issue
was how the United States might solve large-scale problems of national
security and defense, and to test the country's capacity for mobilization
during times of urgent crisis. Replace 'balloons' with 'dirty bombs' or
other explosives, and the relevance of the problem is clear.

"On a predesignated day, DARPA hid ten large, red weather balloons, eight
feet in diameter, in various places around the country. The $40,000 prize
would be awarded to the first person or team anywhere in the world who
could correctly identify the precise location of all ten balloons. When the
contest was first announced, experts pointed out that the problem would be
impossible to solve using traditional intelligence-gathering techniques.

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"There was great speculation in the scientific community about how the
problem would be solved -- for weeks, it filled up lunchroom chatter at
universities and research labs around the world. Most assumed the winning
team would use satellite imagery, but that's where the problem gets tricky.
How would they divide up the United States into surveillable sections with
a high-enough resolution to spot the balloons, but still be able to
navigate the enormous number of photographs quickly? Would the satellite
images be analyzed by rooms full of humans, or would the winning team
perfect a computer-vision algorithm for distinguishing the red balloons
from other balloons and from other round, red objects that were not the
target? (Effectively solving the *Where's Waldo?* problem, something that
computer programs couldn't do until 2011.)

"Further speculation revolved around the use of reconnaissance planes,
telescopes, sonar, and radar. And what about spectrograms, chemical
sensors, lasers? Tom Tombrello, physics professor at Caltech, favored a
sneaky approach: 'I would have figured out a way to get to the balloons
before they were launched, and planted GPS tracking devices on them. Then
finding them is trivial'.

"The contest was entered by 53 teams totaling 4,300 volunteers. The winning
team, a group of researchers from MIT, solved the problem in just under
nine hours. How did they do it? Not via the kinds of high-tech satellite
imaging or reconnaissance that many imagined, but -- as you may have
guessed -- by constructing a massive, ad hoc social network of
collaborators and spotters -- in short, by crowdsourcing. The MIT team
allocated $4,000 to finding each balloon. If you happened to spot the
balloon in your neighborhood and provided them with the correct location,
you'd get $2,000. If a friend of yours whom you recruited found it, your
friend would get the $2,000 and you'd get $1,000 simply for encouraging
your friend to join the effort. If a friend of your friend found the
balloon, you'd get $500 for this third-level referral, and so on. The
likelihood of anyone person spotting a balloon is infinitesimally small.
But if everyone you know recruits everyone *they* know, and each of them
recruits everyone they know, you build a network of eyes on the ground that
theoretically can cover the entire country. One of the interesting
questions that social networking engineers and Department of Defense
workers had wondered about is how many people it would take to cover the
entire country in the event of a real national emergency, such as searching
for an errant nuclear weapon. In the case of the DARPA balloons, it
required only 4,665 people and fewer than nine hours."

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*The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload*
Author: Daniel J. Levitin
Publisher: Penguin Group
Copyright 2014 by Daniel J. Levin
Pages 114-116

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